Which act demonstrates malice aforethought?

Malice aforethought refers to the intentional and premeditated intention to kill or cause grievous harm to another person. In this context, planned murder clearly exemplifies malice aforethought because it involves a conscious decision to take someone's life after careful consideration. This premeditation distinguishes it from other acts such as accidental killings, which occur without intent or planning, as well as self-defense, which arises from an immediate response to a threat rather than a premeditated intention to kill. Accidental overdose also lacks the necessary intent or planning, as it typically involves unintentional actions leading to a fatal outcome. Therefore, planned murder is the only act that aligns with the definition of malice aforethought, showcasing a deliberate and intentional act of killing.